3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4.

Clostridium species are chemoorganotrophic bacteria. Intriguingly, C. sporogenes metabolizes tryptophan to indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a metabolite that protects mice from DSS-induced colitis (Venkatesh et al., 2014). Indole-3-propionic acid is a marker for the presence of Clostridium sporogenes in the gut. One of the toxic metabolites of Clostridia in the gut is propionic acid. • Sporulation requires a well-buffered medium rich in nutrients.
acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Propionic acid: Description: Propionic acid (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food.

In mouse models, studies show that “propionic acid-treated rats display Autism-like repetitive, perseverative, and antisocial behaviors and seizure. In the lab, formic acid has been shown to require as little as 0.1 to 0.15% to inhibit C. botulinum and C. perfringens (Strauss and Hayler, 2001).
Propionic acid (propionate) is a commercially valuable carboxylic acid produced through microbial fermentation. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity. This is compared with 0.25 and 0.30% for propionic and lactic acid, respectively to inhibit clostridia.

Download : … They can ferment a variety of nutrients, like carbohydrate, protein, organic acid and other organics, to produce acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and some solvents, such as acetone and butanol. • Ferments sugars, starch and pectin. The cell wall consists of a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a polymer of amino acids and sugar .Other components anchored in the cell wall, such as teichoic acid and proteins, protrude out of the peptidoglycan layer, giving the cell surface a rigid look. It is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously, together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates. Clostridium perfringens Spores and Sporulation • Because it is a spore-former, the pathogen can survive in the environment. Clostridium sporogenes are rod-shaped bacteria, typically linked in long chains, that are Gram-positive.

• Spores are seldom formed in food. Propionic acid is mainly used in the food industry but has recently found applications in the cosmetic, plastics and pharmaceutical industries. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 7378938 ).

The fermentation processes of interest involve 1) ABE fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum producing acetone, n-butanol, ethanol as well as a little bit of acetic acid and butyric acid and 2) propionic acid fermentation by Propionibacterium acidipropionici producing propionic acid and acetic acid. Dr Derrick MacFabe wrote a review in 2013 on the role propionic acid, in autism.

Propionic acid fermentation in cheese leads to characteristic eyes and a nutty and slightly sweet flavor.


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